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Scientific understanding of gas exchange in the human lung has a long history. In this talk, a very brief overview of its progress will be given first by presenting major historical milestones achieved in the last century by famous physiologists. A few key concepts of gas exchange quantification will be introduced such as the lung diffusing capacity which is essentially a conductance for gas transfer and is a basic frame of interpreting standard lung function tests. Then, it will be shown that what and how physics can contribute to this problem. Physical approach, more precisely, solving diffusion-reaction in airway-capillary system, not only reveals fundamental flaws in the conventional physiological understanding but also provides a tool for resolving complex gas exchange dynamics.